Monday, December 30, 2019
Sunday, December 22, 2019
Why Is Illicit Drug Abuse Most Frequently Associated With...
Why is illicit drug abuse most often associated with poor oral health? Trevor Zlatnik University of Saskatchewan Abstract This paper reviews eight published articles that all look at oral health and some form of drug use. The articles vary in how they describe drug use. The articles may refer to drug use as drug abuse, substance use, drug addiction, or drug-dependency. The articles look at various drugs including methamphetamine, cocaine, morphine, heroin, ecstasy, and cannabis. The frequency and amount of drugs used also varies in the articles. Poor oral health among many drug users is found to be multifactorial. Direct drug use and many indirect factors including lifestyle, diet, and behavior are found to correlate with†¦show more content†¦In many of the studies that are looked at the definition of drug use varies in some ways including the type of drug and frequency. There is a large collection of drugs that can be abused but some common classes include opiates, amphetamines, hallucinogens, stimulants, and cannabis. Throughout the literature there is not just one answer to why many drug abu sers have poor oral health. There is a combination of many factors including side effects from the drug itself, the behavior of the drug abuser, their lifestyle, and their access to oral health care. Throughout the literature many drugs are found to have a direct negative effects on oral health. Shekarchizadeh, Khami, Mohebbi, Ekhtiari, and Virtanen (2013) reviewed oral health complications associated with various drugs. The opiate class of drugs including morphine and heroin were found to cause salivary hypofunction leading to xerostomia, burning mouth, taste impairment, mucosal infections, and periodontal disease (Shekarchizadeh et al., 2013). Cannabis was found to increase the risk of oral cancer, dry mouth, and periodontitis (Shekarchizadeh et al., 2013). Stimulants such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, and cocaine were found to cause dental attrition from bruxism, and cocaine was found to reduce saliva pH increasing dental erosion, and methamphetamine was also shown to ca use xerostomia (Shekarchizadeh et al., 2013). Hallucinogens including ecstasy and lysergic acid diethylamide also caused oral
Saturday, December 14, 2019
Developmental Psych Papere Free Essays
The study of the psychological development in children has been an ongoing endeavor. Renowned theorist, Sigmund Freud developed a psychoanalytic stage of psychological development focusing on the psychosexual development of individuals. Erikson developed his own theory of development which spanned over one’s lifetime. We will write a custom essay sample on Developmental Psych Papere or any similar topic only for you Order Now  Psychological development has stirred arguments in theory from biological theorists and environmental theorists as well. Despite the uncompromised viewpoints from psychological, biological, and environmental theorists, children continue to be born, grow, and become adults without a definitive explanation to their development. There exists the lingering question as to why some children grow and develop serious psychological disorders and learning dysfunctions when compared to other children who are devoid of any dysfunction. Background At first view, Adam is a rambunctious typical 8 year old boy. It is noticeable that his attention span is compromised as he is unable to remain focused on one activity for any given length of time. His parents, Jason and Alexis, explained that Adam was born via Caesarean section after forty-two prolonged hours of labor. A second child was born, a girl, later the following year. At the age of 2, his parents noticed that he seemed too eager and full of energy. After a trip to the pediatrician, they were assured that this was typical behavior for a 2 year old boy. Up to the age of 4, his parents became more distraught with their inability to control his behaviors. By this point, Adam was sleeping three hours per night, had gotten outside the family home by picking a lock with a butter knife, was physically abusing his younger sister, had broken his collar bone jumping off a Little Tyke car, re-broken the collar bone in the doctor’s office jumping off the exam table despite the doctor’s efforts to catch him, and his parents were PSYCHOLOGY                                                                                                                              3 sleeping in shifts in order to keep up with his hyperactivity (personal communication, May 15, 2010). The family received reassurance from the pediatrician who indicated that it was a phase that Adam would soon outgrow. It is clear that both Jason and Alexis were debating whether or not Adam’s behavior was an individual difference or an abnormal behavior, but one could also suggest the possibility of the issues with Adam being related to a nature versus nurture conflict (Berryman, et al, 2002) Analysis Diagnosis When Adam was 6, his parents contacted a Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist after exhausting every other known resource and outlet, including school counselors and the family pediatrician. Adam was put through a series of developmental, biological, and psychological tests.  The psychiatrist met with the parents two-weeks following the testing phase. It was determined that Adam was suffering from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Bipolar Disorder I. While Jason and Alexis admit that they were horrified by the diagnoses, they have stated that they were equally relieved to finally have a name for what was wrong with their son (personal communication, May 15, 2010). The Diagnostics and Statistics Manual for Mental Disorders, fourth edition, (DSM-IV-TR) defines ADHD as being a condition often present in children indicated by behaviors and mannerisms inconsistent with the child’s developmental age (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Specific symptoms include restlessness, driven mood, excessive talking, distractible, and an inability to remain focused. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) notes that learning disabilities are frequent with the diagnosis of ADHD (APA, 1994). The diagnosis of Bipolar PSYCHOLOGY                                                                                                                              4 Disorder I indicates that episodes of mania are or have existed in the patient. Bipolar Disorder is defined as severe mood swings associated with elated happiness, or mania, in contrast to extreme depression, or periods of sadness (APA, 1994). Treatment Treating both of these conditions in a child requires consistency and encouragement from the family. From a pharmacological standpoint, these conditions are being treated with Clonodine and Depekote. Family and cognitive therapies have been incorporated into the family’s routine. Lab tests, blood work, are performed bi-weekly as the level of Depekote must be monitored so that it does not become toxic. In reference to Adam’s learning disability, he is enrolled in special education classes in a public elementary school. To date, Adam seems well adjusted and fully cooperative in taking his daily medications. Alexis indicated that his individual therapy has helped him to recognize periods where he has become too active, whereby Adam will indicate that he needs some alone time to calm down (personal communication, May 15, 2010). Discussion The prognosis for these types of conditions in children is uncertain. Years ago, a diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder in a child was unheard of, and it would seem to be more congruent with a Conduct Disorder. Times are changing as is developmental psychology. The origin of these conditions is not definite. Alexis wonders if there was oxygen deprivation during labor which may have contributed to Adam’s disorders, but there is not a clear or concise medical opinion to assert this to fact (personal communication, May 15, 2010). There are still questions as to whether or not either of these conditions may be hereditary, despite the fact that neither PSYCHOLOGY                                                                                                                              5 Jason nor Alexis have any family members with either condition. With regard to the abnormal behavior exhibited by Adam; there exists a name for the psychological dysfunction. In relation to Adam as an individual, it is obvious that he does have specific differences than that of other children his own age. It is still a battle and argument to be had with regard to developmental psychologists and theorists. Conclusion Jason and Alexis continue to live and function with the knowledge that their son has been diagnosed with two disorders requiring constant monitoring and care. In lieu of these conditions, they still manage to do things as any other family does. They have a family in which one child has special needs. For them, these needs have become the norm, even though society views these obstacles as an intrusion and inconvenience. Developmental psychology is a study of the ways in which one goes from being a dependent infant to a self-sufficient adult. There are a variety of ways that each individual will accomplish such a task. There does not appear to be any one definition by which each person grows and develops thoughts, mental processes, or abilities. Each person simply grows by learning and adapting in order to survive. The field of developmental psychology has much work and research ahead of itself, but it has already made great strides with regard to how so ciety has gotten where it is. How to cite Developmental Psych Papere, Papers
Friday, December 6, 2019
Libya free essay sample
Rousseau also advocated the idea of a contract between citizens and the state, and his idea of â€Å" general will†which helps in defending the actions of the citizens of Libya. Libya is a North African nation of about 5,600,000 people of mixed Berber and Arab origin (Everything Our Government Really Does). Ninety-seven percent of the population are Sunni Muslims and fifty-seven percent live in or near the three Mediterranean coastal cities of Tripoli, Benghazi, and Misratah.It is mostly made up of desert and contributes through high-quality petroleum reserves on the world scene (Everything Our Government Really Does) . At the age of 27, Mummar al-Gaddafi seized power and established five major goals: removal of foreign military bases, international neutrality, national unity, Arab unity and suppression of political parties. After his first year –all- with the exception of Arab unity were accomplished. Arab unity began to be an obsessive matter to al-Ggaddafi, who made corrupt laws and had periods of unknown absence throughout his reign. We will write a custom essay sample on Libya or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rousseau through a number of important social and political works, argued that civilization had a corrupting influence on humans. He also suggested that the social structure that encouraged self-interest instead of goodwill toward others had corrupted human nature and ruined societies way of life and the search of happiness. The Libyan society as a whole is a perfect example of this because it seems as if the citizens were apart of a corrupt society. It also appears that the Libyans, like Rousseau stated had lost their way of life and in turn their search of happiness.Those two factors alone, give enough of an impacting influence for the citizens to have rebelled against their leadership. In reference to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, under article 20 â€Å" Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association†and â€Å" No one may be compelled to belong to an association†(Blair, Ryan Elliot and Manning). With the obsession to create a Arabic community, Muammar al-Gaddafi eliminated diversity and forced everyone into one association which is a breach In the human rights.Rousseau also took note of the state in governing. He proposed the idea of a contract between citizens and the state. The state, according to Rousseau, should be governed according to the â€Å"general will†of the people. In connection to the Libyan scandal, Rousseau believed that the relationship between the state and the citizens was a beneficial relationship in which the state could be removed if the people willed it. These facts go to support and justify the acts and behaviours of the citizens of Libya.To Rousseau, the actions of the citizens would of been completely called for. Under article 21 in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights it states â€Å"Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representives. †And â€Å"the will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures. (Blair, Ryan Elliot and Manning). Once again, since the people had no say and no control over the government, it is another breach in the human rights. As a philosopher, Rousseau strongly believed in the â€Å"general will†of a society. He preached that the majority of society needs to be happy, or else the relationship between governing leaders and citizens would not be strong. The citizens of Libya are a prime example of how citizens failed to have things done in their favour or in their â€Å" general will†, will end up rebelling against their leaders.His point’s make the acts of the Libyans justifiable for the simple fact that they weren’t being considered in the ruling of their own country. That itself is an violation of Article 22 in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights â€Å" Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and reso urces of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality†(Blair, Ryan Elliot and Manning).
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